Acronym Finder

Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration process used most often to soften and disinfect water.

Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration-based method that uses nanometer sized pores through which particles smaller than 10 nanomteres pass through the membrane. Nanofiltration membranes have pore sizes from 1-10 nanometers, smaller than that used in microfiltration and ultrafiltration, but a little bit bigger than that in reverse osmosis. Membranes used are predominantly created from polymer thin films. Materials that are commonly used include polyethylene terephthalate or metals such as aluminum. Pore dimensions are controlled by pH, temperature and time during development with pore densities ranging from 1 to 106 pores per cm2. Membranes made from polyethylene terephthalate and other similar materials, are referred to as \"track-etch\" membranes, named after the way the pores on the membranes are made. \"Tracking\" involves bombarding the polymer thin film with high energy particles. This results in making tracks that are chemically developed into the membrane, or \"etched\" into the membrane, which are the pores. Membranes created from metal such as alumina membranes, are made by electrochemically growing a thin layer of aluminum oxide from aluminum metal in an acidic medium....

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a partially permeable membrane to separate ions, unwanted molecules and larger particles from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative property that is driven by chemical potential differences of the solvent, a thermodynamic parameter. Reverse osmosis can remove many types of dissolved and suspended chemical species as well as biological ones (principally bacteria) from water, and is used in both industrial processes and the production of potable water. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be \"selective\", this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as solvent molecules, e.g., water, H2O) to pass freely.

In the normal osmosis process, the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute concentration (high water potential), through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration (low water potential). The driving force for the movement of the solvent is the reduction in the Gibbs free energy of the system when the difference in solvent concentration on either side of a membrane is reduced, generating osmotic pressure due to the solvent moving into the more concentrated solution. Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The process is similar to other membrane technology applications.

Reverse osmosis differs from filtration in that the mechanism of fluid flow is by osmosis across a membrane. The predominant removal mechanism in membrane filtration is straining, or size exclusion, where the pores are 0.01 micrometers or larger, so the process can theoretically achieve perfect efficiency regardless of parameters such as the solution\'s pressure and concentration. Reverse osmosis instead involves solvent diffusion across a membrane that is either nonporous or uses nanofiltration with pores 0.001 micrometers in size. The predominant removal mechanism is from differences in solubility or diffusivity, and the process is dependent on pressure, solute concentration, and other conditions....

Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) is a water desalination process that distills sea water by flashing a portion of the water into steam in multiple stages of what are essentially countercurrent heat exchangers. Current MSF facilities may have as many as 30 stages.

Multi-stage flash distillation plants produce about 26% of all desalinated water in the world, but almost all new desalination plants currently use reverse osmosis due to much lower energy consumption....

Data are rounded from publicly available sources and used in an information evaluation context. Among intelligence agencies means and resources available to everyone against hidden or secretive sources....

Electrostatic precipitator that is installed in the chimney of yenha to reduce the yen-dysfunction of factories....

The small magellani cloud (SMC) is a dwarf galaxy. The galaxy has several hundred million stars.
< br>This galaxy is a member of the local group....

Adenosine diphosphate
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Ionizing flame detector (FID) is a scientific instrument that measures the decomposed material in a gas stream. The utility is often used in gas chromatography as a detector (detector). Measuring ion per unit of time makes this instrument sensitive to mass. Also, this detector can be independently in the system, such as monitoring the release of gases and measure the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, internal combustion engines, for fixed or portable, be used....